Campus Leaf Waste to Leachate Treatment: Phosphoric Acid-Activated Compost Carbon for Lead Removal from Real Landfill Leachate
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Landfill leachate in Indonesia carries toxic metals, while university campuses generate large volumes of leaf litter that are rarely valorized. This study converted campus leaf (DA) and leaf-twig (DK) compost into compost-based activated carbon (CBAC) by carbonization at 450 °C and H3PO4 activation (20, 30 and 40 wt%), and tested it on real leachate from a landfill in East Java. Eight adsorbents (six activated, two non-activated) were characterized and evaluated in 16 batch runs (250 mL, 2.5 and 5 g/L, 250 rpm, 60 min) against same-day untreated controls. All activated CBACs met the Indonesian activated-carbon standard (moisture 0.8-1.2%, iodine number 825-1,047 mg/g). At 5 g/L, every activated CBAC lowered Pb relative to the control, by 27.9-49.6% for leaf CBAC and 11.5-23.1% for leaf-twig CBAC, with the best result for 40% H3PO4 (DA3). Compost type had a large but non-significant effect on Pb removal (?²p = 0.90, p = 0.053). In contrast, non-activated chars raised filtrate Pb to 3.6-14 times the control, and Cd removal could not be confirmed. Unpreserved storage for four months reduced dissolved Pb by 63-79% and Cd by 71-95%. Leaf-compost CBAC is therefore a promising adsorbent for polishing Pb in leachate, provided that the char is acid-activated and washed, and it links campus waste valorization with SDG 6 and SDG 12.
Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
SDG 7: Affordable & Clean Energy
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation & Infrastructure
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
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