Comparative Analysis of Flavonoid and Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Capacity in Different Plant Parts of Artemisia
How to cite (AJARCDE) :
Free radicals can lead to oxidative stress, causing cell damage, which underlines the importance of natural antioxidants. Although the genus Artemisia (Asteraceae) is a widely recognized source of bioactive compounds, comparative data on its antioxidant potential in specific organs remain scarce. In this study, the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant capacity of the leaves, stems, and roots of four Artemisia species were evaluated, as well as their relationships. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, determined by Folin–Ciocalteu and AlCl? methods respectively. The antioxidant capacity was determined using the DPPH test. The distribution patterns of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity across organs were heterogeneous. Leaves contained the highest content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, while roots demonstrated the strongest antioxidant capacity except for Artemisia vulgaris. Results show that plant components and species varied significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The flavonoid and phenolic content of stems and leaves were strongly positively correlated with antioxidant capacity, while phenolic and flavonoid levels throughout the plant were closely correlated. These findings provide novel comparative insights into the antioxidant properties of flavonoid and phenolic compounds across different tissue types of diverse Artemisia species, as well as aiding the rational selection of plant material for potential applications in natural antioxidant use.
Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
SDG 3 : Good Health and Well-Being
SDG 12 : Responsible Consumption and Production
SDG 15 : Life on Land
[1] Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2018;13:757–772.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513
[2] Tu Y. Artemisinin-A gift from traditional Chinese medicine to the world. Angewandte Chemie International Edition.2016;55:10210–10226.
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601967
[3] Bora KS, Sharma A. The genus Artemisia: A comprehensive review. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2019;57(1):22–40.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1557700
[4] Efferth T. From ancient herb to modern drug: Artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2022;80:1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.012
[5] Ferreira JFS, Luthria DL, Sasaki T, Heyerick A. Flavonoids from Artemisia annua as antioxidants and antiviral agents. Phytochemistry. 2021;181:112576.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112576
[6] Salehi B, Valussi M, Morais-Braga MFB, et al. Artemisia genus: From traditional medicine to modern phytotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2022;285:114850.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114850
[7] Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liu X. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Artemisia species. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020;154:112742.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112742
[8] Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, et al. Phytochemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia species. Food Chemistry. 2020;321:126733.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126733
[9] Abad MJ, Bedoya LM, Apaza L, Bermejo P. The Artemisia L. genus: A review of bioactive essential oils. Molecules.2019;24(10):1976.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101976
[10] Pandey AK, Singh P. The genus Artemisia: A 2012–2022 update on phytochemistry and biological activities. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.2022;29:100370.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2022.100370
[11] Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L. Free radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry.2015;30(1):11–26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
[12] Chebbac K, El Moussaoui A, Bourhia M, et al. Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from Artemisia species. Molecules. 2023;28(3):1120.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031120
[13] Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2018;13:757–772.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S158513
[14] Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L.
Free radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry.2015;30(1):11–26.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0
[15] Tu Y. Artemisinin—A gift from traditional Chinese medicine to the world. Angewandte Chemie International Edition.2016;55:10210–10226.
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601967
[16] Bora KS, Sharma A.The genus Artemisia: A comprehensive review. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2019;57(1):22–40.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1557700
[17] Efferth T.From ancient herb to modern drug: Artemisia annua and artemisinin for cancer therapy. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2022;80:1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.012
[18] Ferreira JFS, Luthria DL, Sasaki T, Heyerick A.
Flavonoids from Artemisia annua as antioxidants and antiviral agents. Phytochemistry. 2021;181:112576.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112576
[19] Salehi B, Valussi M, Morais-Braga MFB, Leal ALAB, Coutinho HDM, Vitalini S, Kr?giel D, Antolak H, Sharifi-Rad M, Martorell M, Sureda A, Kamal RM, Capanoglu E, Sharifi-Rad J.Artemisia genus: From traditional medicine to modern phytotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2022;285:114850.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114850
[20] Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liu X.Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Artemisia species. Industrial Crops and Products. 2020;154:112742.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112742
[21] Sharma A, Shahzad B, Rehman A, Bhardwaj R, Landi M, Zheng B.Phytochemical composition and biological activities of Artemisia species. Food Chemistry. 2020;321:126733.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126733
[22] Abad MJ, Bedoya LM, Apaza L, Bermejo P.
The Artemisia L. genus: A review of bioactive essential oils.Molecules.2019;24(10):1976.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101976
[23] Chebbac K, El Moussaoui A, Bourhia M, Salamatullah AM, Alzahrani A, Almarhoon Z, Aboul-Soud MAM, Bari A, Ali SS.Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils from Artemisia species.Molecules.2023;28(3):1120.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031120
[24] Pandey AK, Singh P.The genus Artemisia: A 2012–2022 update on phytochemistry and biological activities. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.2022;29:100370.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2022.100370
[25] Azwanida NN. A review on the extraction methods use in medicinal plants, principle, strength, and limitation. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. 2015;4(3):196.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000196
[26] Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W.
The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals.
Food Chemistry. 1999;64(4):555–559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
[27] Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM.
Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent.
Methods in Enzymology. 1999;299:152–178.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(99)99017-1
[28] Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C.
Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity.LWT – Food Science and Technology. 1995;28(1):25–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
[29] Yefrida Y, Suryani H, Alif A, Aziz H, Efdi M.Modification of the phenanthroline method to determine antioxidant content in tropical fruits methanolic extract. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment (RJCE). 2018;22(4):28–35.
https://doi.org/10.33865/rjce.22.4.28-35
[30] Pandey, A., Tripathi, S., & Pandey, R. (2017). Phytochemical evaluation and antioxidant activity of Artemisia vulgaris L. leaves. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(4), 89–95.
DOI: Not available
[31] Ranjbar, M., Ghorbanpour, M., & Omidi, M. (2020). Phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of different Artemisia species. Industrial Crops and Products,154,112750.
DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112750
[32] Rajabian, A., Khoshnood, S., & Sadeghi, E. (2017). Effect of solvent polarity on flavonoid extraction from Artemisia dracunculus. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 11, 1043–1050.
DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9489-9
[33] Shahidi, F., & Yeo, J. (2018). Bioactivities of phenolics by focusing on flavonoids: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 40, 585–600.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.034
[34] Güne?, S., & Polat, R. (2019). Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants from the Asteraceae family. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 13, 2336–2344.
DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00163-7
[35] Ranjbar, M., Ghorbanpour, M., & Omidi, M. (2020). Phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of different Artemisia species. Industrial Crops and Products, 154, 112750.
DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112750
[36] Yefrida, Y., Suyani, H., Hermansyah, A., & Efdi, M. (2020). Validasi metode modified phenanthroline method (MPM) untuk penentuan kandungan antioksidan dalam sampel herbal serta perbandingannya dengan metode PM, FRAP dan DPPH. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 11(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v11i1.342
[37] Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70–76.
DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.0292
[38] Mumivand, H., Babalar, M., & Hadian, J. (2017). Antioxidant activity of Artemisia dracunculus L. rhizome extracts from different geographical regions. Industrial Crops and Products, 95, 514–521.
DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.11.007
[39] Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. J., & Paganga, G. (1997). Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Science, 2(4), 152–159.
DOI: 10.1016/S1360-1385(97)01018-2
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.